Representation Summary (Driving Test)
Representation:
- how the media portray events, issues, individuals and social groups
Eg: Middle class, middle aged white men are favored.
Based off: CLASS, AGE, GENDER, ETHNICITY, DISABILITY
- positive or negative – what is the message?
Archetype – typical example of a certain person or thing
Ideology – set of beliefs, ideas or values
Stereotype – when people are put in a certain group with expected looks, behaviors and traits (negative and mistaken)
Countertype – stereotype that emphasizes positive features of a person eg: religious people are kind
Hyperrealilty:
- the unreal world is more real than the real world (believed to be one thing but is actually the other)
Hyperreal simulacra:
- simulation of what is believed to be real – distorts reality
Concept of the other:
- media representations have a sense of the ‘norm’; a certain audience will fit into it. Anyone who doesn’t fit into the ‘norm’ is referred to as ‘others’
- Suggestion of binary opposites: Men/Women etc.
Representation: Stuart Hall
- not about whether the media reflects or distorts reality - implying there can only be one truth - instead meany meanings can be generated.
Meaning involves what is present, absent and what is different.
Implications to the audience through ideology or stereotyping - media tries to fix the meaning of a representation in a preferred meaning.
To create deliberate anti-stereotypes is to attempt to fix the meaning.
A strategy of deconstructing the stereotype is more effective.
Identity: David Gauntlett
- individuals are expected to make choices about their identities and lifestyle.
Traditional media even shows contradictory media messages that individuals apply when thinking through their identities and ways of expressing themselves.
Eg: popular feminism and representation of different sexualities created a world where the meaning of gender, sexuality and identity is greatly open.
Online media allows a self expression outlet therefore strengthening the sense of self and participating in making and exchanging - this media allows a place of growth and transformation.
Feminist Theory: Liesbet Van Zoonan
- the way women's bodies are represented as objects is different to the representation of male bodies in the patriarchal society.
'Gender is performative' - our ideas of femininity and masculinity are constructed in our performances of these roles - gender is 'what we do' rather than 'what we are'. - the meanings of genders change with cultural/historical contexts.
Zoonan disagrees with arguments that internet is true and close to women and femininity - too simple and based on the idea of essential femininity, when in reality there is a rich diversity of ways that gender is expressed on the internet.
Feminist Theory: Bell Hooks
- feminism is a movement to end the patriarchy: sexism, sexist exploitation and oppression - a radical notion that women should be equal to men.
'Intersectionality' refers to the intersections of gender, race, class and sexuality to create 'white supremacist capitalist patriarchy', who dominate across all media.
Hooks argues that black women should develop an 'oppositional gaze' that refuses to identify with characters - the 'gaze' is political for African Americans, as slaves were punished for looking at their white owners.
Gender Performativity: Judith Butler
- gender is created in how we perform our gender roles - there is no defined gender identity behind these roles.
Not a singular act rather a repetition that is naturalized and normalized.
Feminism focusing on female/male excludes other forms of gender and sexuality - creating gender trouble for anyone who doesn't fit into heterosexual norms.
Queer theory - aims to destabilize apparent fixed identities based on gender and sexualities.
Ethnicity and Post Colonialsim: - Paul Gilroy
- the African diaspora caused by the slave trade has now constructed a transatlantic culture that is simultaneously African, American, Caribbean and British - 'the Black Atlantic'
Britain didn't mourn its loss of empire, creating 'postcolonial melancholia' an attachment to an perfected version of British colonial history, which manifests as criminalizing immigrants and an 'us and them' approach - supporting the ideology of superiority of white western civilization.
- how the media portray events, issues, individuals and social groups
Eg: Middle class, middle aged white men are favored.
Based off: CLASS, AGE, GENDER, ETHNICITY, DISABILITY
- positive or negative – what is the message?
Archetype – typical example of a certain person or thing
Ideology – set of beliefs, ideas or values
Stereotype – when people are put in a certain group with expected looks, behaviors and traits (negative and mistaken)
Countertype – stereotype that emphasizes positive features of a person eg: religious people are kind
Hyperrealilty:
- the unreal world is more real than the real world (believed to be one thing but is actually the other)
Hyperreal simulacra:
- simulation of what is believed to be real – distorts reality
Concept of the other:
- media representations have a sense of the ‘norm’; a certain audience will fit into it. Anyone who doesn’t fit into the ‘norm’ is referred to as ‘others’
- Suggestion of binary opposites: Men/Women etc.
Representation: Stuart Hall
- not about whether the media reflects or distorts reality - implying there can only be one truth - instead meany meanings can be generated.
Meaning involves what is present, absent and what is different.
Implications to the audience through ideology or stereotyping - media tries to fix the meaning of a representation in a preferred meaning.
To create deliberate anti-stereotypes is to attempt to fix the meaning.
A strategy of deconstructing the stereotype is more effective.
Identity: David Gauntlett
- individuals are expected to make choices about their identities and lifestyle.
Traditional media even shows contradictory media messages that individuals apply when thinking through their identities and ways of expressing themselves.
Eg: popular feminism and representation of different sexualities created a world where the meaning of gender, sexuality and identity is greatly open.
Online media allows a self expression outlet therefore strengthening the sense of self and participating in making and exchanging - this media allows a place of growth and transformation.
Feminist Theory: Liesbet Van Zoonan
- the way women's bodies are represented as objects is different to the representation of male bodies in the patriarchal society.
'Gender is performative' - our ideas of femininity and masculinity are constructed in our performances of these roles - gender is 'what we do' rather than 'what we are'. - the meanings of genders change with cultural/historical contexts.
Zoonan disagrees with arguments that internet is true and close to women and femininity - too simple and based on the idea of essential femininity, when in reality there is a rich diversity of ways that gender is expressed on the internet.
Feminist Theory: Bell Hooks
- feminism is a movement to end the patriarchy: sexism, sexist exploitation and oppression - a radical notion that women should be equal to men.
'Intersectionality' refers to the intersections of gender, race, class and sexuality to create 'white supremacist capitalist patriarchy', who dominate across all media.
Hooks argues that black women should develop an 'oppositional gaze' that refuses to identify with characters - the 'gaze' is political for African Americans, as slaves were punished for looking at their white owners.
Gender Performativity: Judith Butler
- gender is created in how we perform our gender roles - there is no defined gender identity behind these roles.
Not a singular act rather a repetition that is naturalized and normalized.
Feminism focusing on female/male excludes other forms of gender and sexuality - creating gender trouble for anyone who doesn't fit into heterosexual norms.
Queer theory - aims to destabilize apparent fixed identities based on gender and sexualities.
Ethnicity and Post Colonialsim: - Paul Gilroy
- the African diaspora caused by the slave trade has now constructed a transatlantic culture that is simultaneously African, American, Caribbean and British - 'the Black Atlantic'
Britain didn't mourn its loss of empire, creating 'postcolonial melancholia' an attachment to an perfected version of British colonial history, which manifests as criminalizing immigrants and an 'us and them' approach - supporting the ideology of superiority of white western civilization.
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